Causes
Numerous factors can cause a person to bruise more easily. This section outlines some common causes.
1. Age and genetic factors
People tend to bruiseTrusted Source more easily with age because blood vessels weaken and the skin thins.
Easy bruising may also run in families, so individuals whose relatives bruise easily may notice that they do too.
Blood-thinning medications may causeTrusted Source a person to bleed and bruise more.
Some popular blood thinners include:
- warfarin (Coumadin)
- heparin
- rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
- dabigatran (Pradaxa)
- apixaban (Eliquis)
- aspirin (Bayer)
- ibuprofen (Advil)
- naproxen (Aleve)
Some other medications may weaken or change the behavior of blood vessels, worsen inflammation, or otherwise increase the risk of bleeding. They can include the following:
- some herbal remediesTrusted Source, such as ginseng, flaxseed, and saw palmetto
- corticosteroids
- some chemotherapy drugs and targeted therapy, which can lowerTrusted Source platelet levels in the blood
People taking medication who notice an increase in bleeding or bruising should consider asking a doctor whether their medication can cause bleeding. They may wish to discuss the risks and benefits of continuing treatment.
3. Liver disease
Cirrhosis and other conditions can affect liver function. Liver disease can affectTrusted Source blood clotting, increasing the risk of bleeding and easy bruising.
Other symptoms of liver disease include:
- itching
- fatigue
- a general feeling of being unwell
- swelling in the legs
- dark urine
- yellowing in the whites of the eyes, a sign of jaundice
Alcohol is a major contributing factor to liver disease, but the condition can also result from cancer and other health issues.
4. Bleeding disorders
Many genetic conditions can affect blood clotting.
Von Willebrand disease, the most prevalent bleeding disorder, affects about 1% of the population. A person with this condition has little or no von Willebrand protein, which is important for blood clotting. Synthetic hormone treatment can improve blood clotting in people with the condition.
Hemophilia involves low levels of blood clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Both proteins are important for blood clotting. Synthetic versions of these clotting factors can help treat hemophilia and reduce the risk of serious bleeding and bruising.
A person with a genetic bleeding disorder has a higher risk of bruising and excessive, possibly life threatening bleeding. The bruises will look like regular bruises, but they can be larger.
The symptoms will be present from birth and can affect babies and young children.
5. Vitamin deficiencies
Certain vitamins enable the body to heal and the blood to clot.
Low vitamin C levels can cause a condition called scurvy. The body uses vitamin C to create collagen, an essential part of the structure of blood vessels. In scurvy, the blood vessels weaken, resulting in:
- bleeding gums
- wounds that do not heal
- easy bruising
Vitamin KTrusted Source helps the body form clotsTrusted Source to stop bleeding. Newborns often have very low levels of vitamin K, which are insufficient to stop bleeding. Without a vitamin K injection at birth, babies may bruise easily or bleed excessively. Adults with low vitamin K levels may also notice a sudden increase in bruising.
A doctor can perform tests to see whether a person has a vitamin deficiency. In some cases, supplements or a change in diet can help. In other cases, an underlying health condition, such asTrusted Source inflammatory bowel disease, may need addressing.
Vasculitis refers to a group of conditions that cause inflamed blood vessels.
- increased bleeding and bruising
- shortness of breath
- numbness in the limbs
- ulcers
- skin lumps
- purple spots on the skin, known as petechiae
On dark skin, petechiae may not always show up, which means a doctor could miss them. They may be visible in areas with less melanin, such as the forearms.
The type of treatment depends on the severity of the vasculitis and which area of the body it affects. Several medications, including steroids, may help.
Senile purpura is commonTrusted Source among older adults, affecting 12% of people over 50 years old and up to 30% of those ages 75 and over. It causes dark purple bruise-like lesions on the skin and is most likely to develop on the arms and hands.
Purpura is more common in people with light skin, but anyone can develop it. On dark skin tones, purpura may appear purple or as darker skin. The skin around may be thinner and less elastic.
The lesions often appear after an injury to the skin but last longer than bruises and can be much larger. Sometimes, the skin remains brown after the lesion heals.
Ways of reducing the risk of bruising include:
- protecting the skin from sunlight
- taking care to avoid injuries
- being aware that corticosteroids and blood-thinning drugs can worsen symptoms
Senile purpura does not have links with any serious health condition, but it may increase the risk of skin tears.
RarelyTrusted Source, an increase in bleeding and bruising may be a sign of leukemia. This is a type of cancer that affects white blood cells.
There are different types of leukemia, and symptoms vary.
Often, there are no symptoms in the early stages, but a person may notice:
- bleeding
- bruising
- petechiae
- fever
- fatigue
- bone pain
- heavy menstruation
- abdominal swelling
Petechiae may not be visible on dark skin, but a person may see them on areas with lower levels of melanin, such as the forearms.
Anyone who experiences these symptoms should seek prompt medical advice, as early treatment is often effective.
