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King Leopold's Ghost - Introduction

A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa

The begginings of this story lie far back in time, and its reverberations still sound today. But for me a central incandescent moment, one that illuminates long decades before and after, is a young man's flash of moral recognition.

The year is 1897 or 1898. Try to imagine him, briskly stepping off a cross-Channel steamer. A forceful, burly man, in his mid-twenties, with a handlebar mustache. he is confident and well spoken , but his British speech is without the polish of Eton or Oxford. He is well dressed, but the clothes are noot from Bond Street. with an ailing mother and a wife and growing family to support, he is not the sort of person likely to get caught up in an idealistic cause. His ideas are thoroughly conventional. He looks-and is- every inch the sober, respectable business man.

Edmund Dene Morel is a trusted employee of a Liverpool shipping line. A subsidiary of the company has the monopoly on all transport of cargo to and from the C ongo Free State, as it is then called, the huge territory in central Africa that is the world's only colony claimed by one man . The man is King Leopold 11 of Belgium, a ruler much admired throughout Europe as a "philanthropic" monarch. He has welcomed Christian missionaries to his new colony; his troops, it is said, have fought and defeated local slave-traders who preyed on the population; and for more than a decade European newspapers have praised him for investing his personal fortune in public works to benefit the Africans.

Because Morel speaks fluent French, his company sends him to belgium every few weeks to supervise the loading and unloading of ships on the Congo run. Although the officials he works with have been handling this shipping traffic for years without a second thought. Morel begins to notice things that unsettle him. At the docks of the big port of Antwerp he sees his company's ships arriving filled to the hatch covers with valuable cargoes of rubber and ivory. But when they cast off thie Hawsers to steam back to the Congo, while military bands play on the pier and eager young men in uniform line the ships' rails, what they carry is mostly army officers, firearms, and ammunition. 

Brought face to face with evil, Morel does not turn away. Instead, waht he sees determines the course of his life and the course of an extraordinary movement, the first great international human rights movement of the twentieth century. Seldom has one human being -impassioned,eloquent, blessed  with brilliant organizing skills and nearly superhuman energy-managed almost single-handedly to put one subject on the world's front pages for more than a decade. Only a few years after standing on the docks of Antwerp, Edmund Morel would be at the White House, insisting to President Theodore Roosevelt that the United States had a special responsibility to do something about the Congo. 

He would organize delegations to the British Foreign Office. He woullld mobilize everyone from Booker T. Washington to Anatole France to the Archbishop of Canterbury to join his cause. More than two hundred mass meetings to protest Slave Labor in the Congo would be held across the United States. A larger number of gatherings  in England- nearly three hundred a year at the crusade's peak - wwould draw as many as five thousand people at a time. In London one letter of protest to the Times on the Congo would be signed  by eleven peers, nineteen bishops, seventy-six members of Parliament, the President of the Seven Chambers of Commerce thirteen editors of major newspapers, and every Lord Mayor in the country. 

Speeches about the horrors of King Leopold's Congo would be given as far away as Austrlia. In Italy, two men would fight a duel over the issue. British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey, a man not given to overstatement,  would declare that "no external question for at least thirty years has moved the country so strongly and so vehemently".This is the story of that movement, of the savage crime that was its target, of the long period of exploration  and conquest that preceded it, and of the way the world has forgotten one of the great mass killings of recent history.

Statistics about mass murder are often hard to prove. But if this number turned out to be half as high, I thought, the Congo would have been one of the major killing grounds of modern times. Why were these deaths not mentioned in the standard litany of our century's horrors? And why had I never before heard of them ? I had been writing about human rights for years, and once, in the course of a half a dozen trips to Africa, I had been to the Congo.